According to the text, research questions about the immediate, observable influence of mass communication are considered as examples of transnational research. This type of research focuses on the individual-level media effects on the cognitive, affective, and behavioral aspects of people. It can also be categorized into two main types: administrative and critical. Administrative research deals with practical and immediate effects of mass communication, while critical research explores broader questions and societal effects. However, there is still a struggle in understanding the impact of new media on individuals and society. This has led to debates on how to approach and study this phenomenon.