The text discusses the devastating effects of the long-lasting civil war in Sudan, which has resulted in millions of deaths. It highlights the polarization and militarization of ethnic identities, particularly between the Dinka and Nuer groups. The war has spread beyond southern Sudan to other regions, such as the Nuba mountains and the Blue Nile. The involvement and attitudes of the United States towards the war are also examined. Factors such as inequality and historical conflicts are also mentioned. The paper also looks at the impact of the war on the provision of health services in a specific town during the second civil war. The text also notes that Sudan's conflicts date back to its independence in 1956, and in 2011, the southern territory seceded to form the new state of South Sudan. The final text focuses on a longitudinal study that explores the impact of the wars on civilian populations in South Sudan, using various forms of evidence.