A meta-analysis of multiple studies conducted by Cresswell in 2011 found that dietary intake of the insecticide imidacloprid at levels typically found in fields can have negative effects on honey bee populations. This is believed to be due to the fast metabolism of imidacloprid by honey bees. Further research is needed to determine the potential harm caused by the acaricide coumaphos on honey bees. In colonies with low honey reserves, exposure to imidacloprid can result in lower bee population and brood levels. The study also revealed that imidacloprid can impact the gut microbiome, increase susceptibility to pathogens, and decrease survivorship in honey bees. EFSA has determined that most uses of neonicotinoid pesticides pose a risk to both wild and honey bees. Long-term exposure to imidacloprid and ethion can significantly impair individual bee performance and lead to a decline in bee population growth. Furthermore, exposure to glyphosate over time may also have adverse effects on honey bee foragers.