Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis) and Homo erectus exhibit several notable physical differences, reflecting their adapted environments and lifestyles. Here are some key distinctions:

1. Skull Shape:

   • Neanderthals had a long, low skull with a pronounced brow ridge and a more elongated shape compared to Homo erectus. Their skulls housed a larger brain size, averaging about 1500 cc, which is comparable to modern humans.
   • In contrast, Homo erectus possessed a more elongated skull and less pronounced brow ridges, with brain sizes ranging from approximately 600 to 1,100 cc, indicating a generally smaller cranial capacity than Neanderthals.

2. Facial Features:

   • Neanderthals exhibited a larger nose and broader mid-facial region, which some researchers suggest were adaptations for colder climates.
   • Homo erectus had a flatter face with smaller prognathism (the extent to which the jaw juts out), giving them a more human-like appearance.

3. Body Structure:

   • Neanderthals were characterized by a robust, stocky build with shorter limbs and a barrel-shaped chest. This physiological structure was likely an adaptation to cold environments, enabling them to retain heat.
   • Homo erectus, on the other hand, had a more elongated body and limb proportions similar to modern humans. Their stockier chest resembled that of Neanderthals, but they generally had a taller and leaner physique.

4. Bone Density and Musculature:

   • Neanderthals had significantly denser and stronger bones, indicating a more muscular and powerful physique, allowing them to perform high-energy tasks, such as hunting.
   • Homo erectus had a more moderate bone density relative to their size, suggesting they were less robust than Neanderthals but likely more efficient in long-distance bipedalism, a trait advantageous for migration.

For further insights into these physical differences, you can explore the articles from reputable sources such as the Natural History Museum and the Wikipedia page on Neanderthal anatomy.

In summary, despite both species belonging to the genus Homo, their differing adaptations reflect the distinct environments they inhabited and the survival strategies they employed.

Sources

Human ancestor Homo erectus had the stocky chest of a NeanderthalAre Neanderthals the same species as us? | Natural History MuseumQuite confused about the origin of humans, are we part Neanderthal ...What's the difference between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens?What physical traits made Neanderthals stronger than Homo Sapiens?Homo erectus - A Bigger, Smarter, Faster Hominin Lineage - NatureNeanderthal anatomy - Wikipedia

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