The text discusses the nine essential amino acids that are vital for human health and must be obtained through food sources. These include histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine. The remaining six amino acids can be produced by the body and are considered non-essential or dispensable. The chart groups the twenty amino acids found in eukaryotes according to their side chains and charge.