The article provides a comprehensive analysis, demonstrating the impact of various factors on cognitive performance, such as age, education, and selection bias. It also delves into the correlation between verbal memory and age across various studies.

Furthermore, it examines the predictors of academic performance in older individuals and highlights how changes in memory performance can affect academic performance over time. The results of the study indicate a decrease in memory composite scores over time, along with a retest factor measuring the effects of training over a five-year period. Moreover, the study underscores that age differences in performance are generally more pronounced in recall tasks compared to recognition tasks.

In addition, a literature search yielded 234 effect sizes from 95 samples and 68 studies, emphasizing the significant impact of various factors on cognitive performance in healthy individuals ranging from 12 to 70 years of age.

Sources

Memory Training in the ACTIVE study: How Much is Needed and Who Benefits? - NCBIAge and education effects and norms on a cognitive test battery from a population-based cohort: The Monongahela –Youghiogheny Healthy Aging Team (MYHAT) - PMC - NCBIPrognostic factors for change in memory test performance after memory training in healthy older adults: a systematic review and outline of statistical challengesAge is no barrier: predictors of academic success in older learners | npj Science of LearningCognitive fatigue influences students' performance on standardized tests - PNASRise and Shine - Education Next

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