Markovnikov's rule in organic chemistry states that when an asymmetrical alkene reacts with a protic acid, the negative part of the reagent will attach to the carbon with more hydrogen, or fewer substituents. Strong oxidation of a primary alcohol will produce a carboxylic acid.

The characteristics of amino acids include their role as the building blocks of proteins, with each amino acid comprising an amino group, a carboxylic acid group, and a side chain. Amino acids have distinctive properties based on the specific atoms and functional groups in their side chains.

A zwitterion is a molecule that has both positive and negative electrical charges due to the presence of functional groups that can ionize. In the case of amino acids, a zwitterion refers to the form in which the amino group (NH3+) and the carboxylate group (COO-) exist simultaneously, resulting in overall neutrality.

The primary structure of a protein refers to the specific sequence of amino acids in its polypeptide chain. Secondary structure involves the folding of the polypeptide chain into alpha helices or beta sheets. Tertiary structure comprises the 3D folding of the entire polypeptide chain into a specific shape, while quaternary structure refers to the arrangement of multiple polypeptide subunits in a protein complex.

Sources

Markovnikov's rule - WikipediaMarkovnikov's Rule - Chemistry LibreTextsIllustrated Glossary of Organic Chemistry - Markovnikov's rule (Markovnikov addition)Markovnikov's Rule - YouTubeMarkovnikov's rule and carbocations (video) - Khan AcademyMarkovnikov's Rule: Statement and Explanation with Examples & FAQs - BYJU'S

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