The text discusses different dynasties that have ruled Vietnam throughout its history, including the Đinh dynasty, the Lê dynasty, the Tây Sơn dynasty, and the Nguyễn dynasty. The Nguyễn dynasty is described as the last ruling dynasty of Vietnam, lasting from 1802 to 1945. Other major dynasties mentioned include the Hồng Bàng dynasty, which was the first kingdom in Vietnam, and the Lý dynasty, which is credited with establishing Vietnam as a unified country. Overall, the text highlights the struggles and triumphs of Vietnam's dynasties, especially in the face of foreign invasions and conflicts.